The establishment of Pakistan is an
historic event. Before 14th August 1947 no country of this name existed on the political
map of the world, such as Egypt, Syria, Indonesia etc. No doubt the Muslims had been there
in the sub-continent since the first century A.H, and before the advent of the British
they ruled this country for about nine hundred years, but after the domination of he
British imperialism the political and ideological position of the region underwent a
change.
The Foundations of the Pakistan
Movement
When the Pakistan Movement
arose, it was different from the pattern of most of the countries. It was not merely for
the freedom of a country, but was to bring into being such a one as could become the
ideological and cultural centre of the Muslims of the sub-continent. The real object was
the establishment of such an independent realm where in the Muslims could build a new
society and a new state in the light of their faith, ideology, laws and values, culture
and civilization. This movement challenged the dominant political concept, i.e.
secularism, liberalism and regional nationalism and strived for the establishment of a
state on the basis of the terrestrial and celestial unity and the universal mission of
Islam. From this struggle the first and very bright example came into being, in the shape
of the establishment of Pakistan. In the words of an orientalist: "The resolution of
the Muslims of India in favour of Pakistan was synonymous with the decision of the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) about his Hijra."
The Quaid-I-Azam had described this
ideology of Pakistan and its basis in quite unambiguous terms. He further amplified and
explained it continuously before and after the establishment of Pakistan. He said:
"Islam is our basic principal
and real support. We are one and we have to move forward as a nation, only then we would
be able to sustain Pakistan".
"Pakistan does not merely mean
freedom but the safeguarding of the Muslim concept of life, which we have inherited as a
precious gift and treasure and which, we hope, others will also share with us".
"The Muslims demand Pakistan,
where they could rule according to their way of life, their culture, traditions and
Islamic laws. Our religion, our culture and our Islamic aims and objects are the real
inciting powers "(Some Recent Speeches and writings of Mr. Jinnah, ed by M.A. Jamil,
Lahore pp 89,366,367)".
If we express it in terms of
political science then the assertion will be justified that the establishment of Pakistan
is actually the result of a Social Contract, which the leadership of Pakistan entered into
not only with the Muslims of the areas becoming part of Pakistan but with all the Muslims
of the sub-continent. That is why its first and foremost constitutional outcome appeared
in the shape of the Objectives Resolution, which was approved by the first Constituent
Assembly on 12 March 1949, and which can justly be declared to be the basis of the
Constitution, the National charter and the supreme law.
THE AIMS AND OBJECTS OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN
The emergence of Pakistan is
such an historic event whose far reaching effects were exerted not only on the South Asian
sub-continent but the whole of the Islamic world. Before proceeding further we consider it
necessary to point out a few of its important aspects.
The first and most important feature
of the establishment of Pakistan is that through it the Muslims of the sub-continent
identified their self (ego) in this age and thus attained their real entity. It gave the
people of Pakistan their true identity. The dangerous machinations of Indian Congress and
the Imperialist powers failed and for the survival of their real identity and solidarity
the Muslims put their lives at stake. Those who got political freedom as a result of this
struggle and those too who knew that after the departure of imperialism they will remain
deprived of the bright dawn of the real freedom, believed that such an independent realm
of the Muslims will be founded which will be the manifestation of Islam and a support for
the oppressed people. This successful endeavour for the establishment of an ideological
homeland shattered the idol of Western secular nationalism into pieces and the Indo-Pak
Millat-I-Islamia, unanimous with Iqbal, began a new era for humanity with the acquisition
of a new spiritual nourishing identity.
This was the aspect of the
establishment of Pakistan, which after 1947, infused the spirit of renaissance of an
Islamic state and Islamic culture and civilization. Be it Egypt or Syria, Indonesia or
Malaysia, Turkey or Sudan, Iran or Afghanistan, in short in the world of Islam where there
existed or emerged movements for the revival of Shariah, the Objectives Resolution of
Pakistan and the struggle for the Islamic Resurgence were projected as a beacon of light.
The second important aspect of the
creation of Pakistan was that as a result of it, on the one hand the inhabitants of
Pakistan broke down the shackles of slavery, and on the other the Muslims of the
sub-continent obtained abode of peace. A great number of the Muslims of the sub-continent,
acting upon the tradition of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and leaving their houses and homes
became active to build up this new homeland. The spirit and determination with which these
abandonment and adoptions accrued, is the bright and faith nourishing chapter of our
history. This was the spirit which enabled Pakistan to counter all those dangers which
this newly born country faced in those initial days, the object of which was to obliterate
this bud before it blossomed into a flower. Freedom in itself is a great blessing and it
can only be perceived by those who have endured the rigours of the dark night of slavery.
The third aspect of this movement
was that it was a popular and democratic movement. The Quaid-I-Azam awakened and organized
the Muslim masses and assembling on a single platform accomplished that task with the
power of the masses, and within a short period of only seven years which others could not
obtain even in centuries. The Pakistan Movement was a peoples’ movement. Whosoever
casts a glance over the history of the Pakistan Movement, knows how the political elites
obstructed the path of this movement and conspired against it. But by the grace of Allah
the Almighty, the leadership of the Quaid-I-Azam and the mass support and help, led the
movement towards the final goal of freedom.
THE DREAMS OF INDEPENDENCE GONE WILD
From an objective analysis of
the Pakistan Movement and the history of Pakistan it becomes evident that the real credit
for the creation of Pakistan with the special benevolence of Allah the Almighty, goes to
the intuition and leadership of Quaid-I-Azam and the spirit and sacrifices of the Muslim
masses. Immediately after independence Quaid’s illness and demise created a situation
under which those base coins who had rallied around him, came into the arena, after
capturing power to use the state machinery for quite some other ends.
The first Prime Minister was
assassinated and removed from the national scene, while the second was dismissed. Whereas
their sincere companions were rendered ineffective through conspiracies, and in a few
years the political situation was so changed that the real plan got confounded. Within a
very short time the class, which had waited upon the British power, may that be related to
the civilian military administration, or the tribe of political way farers, occupied every
sphere of power. Respect for law and order vanished. The elected Constituent Assembly was
dissolved. The executive and police forces were used by the political leadership for their
own gains and objects, which ultimately became imprisoned in their hands. The army was
also used for political expediency. The judiciary resisted somewhat but no effort was
spared to give a tight rein to it. After nine years the first Constitution was
framed which was abrogated only after two years. And such a practice of constitutional
abrogation started from whose reprehensible after effects even today no escape is in
sight. The same sense of identity which had welded the nation together was destroyed from
every quarter. Secular ideologies, parochialism, language and fraternal prejudices,
tribalism, in short it was devasted from every quarter. Even after 23 years of
independence no elections were held on the basis of adult franchise. Resultantly regional
prejudices polluted the politics and the train of national politics was derailed. It was
purposely tried to promote Western and Hindu culture. A course to economic development was
adopted which on the one hand involved the country into class clashes and on the other got
the country so entangled in the usurious imperialism that today the country is in debt of
over 30 billion dollars foreign and over 1000 billion rupees of domestic loan. Every
individual of the country is in debt of more than 15 thousand rupees and every new born
child is coming into this world with a burden of that much loan on its shoulders.
The English Chief of the Pakistan
Army refused to obey the Quaid-I-Azam and India occupied and is still holding a large part
of Kashmir by dint of its military strength through an illegitimate instrument of
accession. The Kashmiri people are continuously engaged in Jihad against this usurpation,
but every ruling leadership of Pakistan todate has been unsuccessful in rendering them
effective help, where more than 10 million of Muslims are the victims of Indian oppression
and are calling for help.
As a result of the continual
blunders and lack of far-sightedness of Pakistani leadership, India had the opportunity to
also disintegrate East Pakistan by force from the rest, after Kashmir. It is a pity that
we could yet not take to task the one really responsible for this national catastrophe.
Out of the 50 years of independence,
the dear homeland remained in the grip of Martial Law for 24 years and for the rest too
remained deprived of true democracy. The real tragedy of Pakistan is that till today power
has not been transferred to the people in the real sense, and every part of life is
dominated by a special coterie. Less than five percent individuals of the population hold
bulk of the national wealth. Ninety per cent of the land is held by 10 per cent owners.
There are only 10 thousand big families who own more than 50 per cent of the land and
their rights of ownership are the largesse of the British for treachery against the
Muslims. There are about two thousand families who have been dominating the politics since
1950 and whosoever is the ruler, whether any political party or the army -- in every age
these few individuals have enjoyed the power. The state of industry and commerce is also
not different. In these areas too the same few families have been the masters of the keys
to the wealth. In every field the principal of inheritance prevails and at every step
labour and merit are sacrificed.
Alarming Aspects of Deterioration
This overwhelming deterioration has
three extremely alarming aspects. First the moral deterioration which is assuming the
worst shape under governmental patronage and as a result of organized and overwhelming
efforts, oppression and immorality have reached a point where no sense of loss pricks the
conscience. Corruption is the order of the day and has rather become a way of life at
almost every level, so much so that international agencies too included Pakistan next only
to the most corrupt country of the world. The National and International mass media are
engaged in trampling upon the Islamic values. The educational system has not only
disgraced knowledge, it has also put morality on the bier. The conventional restraints are
thrown off and a flood of libertinism and licentiousness is rising and it can be openly
observed that its result will be nothing but extinction.
The second alarming aspect is that
along with the moral deterioration of individuals every such institution of the country is
being destroyed which can serve like an anchor to the ship of the nation. Be it
Constitution or law, parliament or executive, judiciary or the police, civil service or
the local bodies, education or mass-communication media, everything is ruined, so much so
that the family unit it also not spared. The foundations of the milli institutions which
were kept safe despite the imperialist hold, have been shaken and are collapsing.
The third aspect of the
deterioration is subordination of the whole process of policy-making, the decision-making
institutions and individuals to the foreign influences, which has endangered the political
and ideological freedom of the country. Economic policies have been pawned to the foreign
money-lenders and now the encroachment of the World Bank and the IMF has extended so far
that the budget of the country is not made by our parliament but shaped according to the
dictates of these agencies and the matter assumed such proportion that the Economic
Adviser of an ex-Prime Minister himself told the businessmen and industrialists that if
they were to get their recommendations approved, they better talk to the negotiators of
the IMF! The same was the state of law enactment. While making any law the interest of the
country and the nation is not considered, nor that what was the command of Allah the
Almighty and His Apostle (p.b.u.h.). Instead it is meditated upon what will please the
U.S. and the West, and that of what they will be critical. Because the West has, these
days, created an ogre of fundamentalism and terrorism, therefore we are not only swearing
that we were not fundamentalists but trampling upon every law and moral value. We were
also prostrating before Washington and its emissaries and were sacrificing human beings
like animals before these wolves and beasts. It is strived to get the blessings of
Washington instead of the people and the parliament, to come into power and stick to it.
Thus in politics, economy and
culture and civilization, we are compromising on our independence and sovereignty and that
which the Muslims of Pakistan and India had achieved after sacrificing their lives,
property and honor. Some adventurers are continuously wagering for their own interests and
today we have reached this miserable stage.
This is the poor state in which
Pakistan and the Pakistanis are finding themselves after 50 years of independence -- the
outcome of the military rule and the so called democratic governance. The country which
had emerged on the political horizon with a message of new hopes and a bright future for
the whole of the Muslim Millat has been pushed into the abysses of darkness, and
deterioration has reached such an extent where the people themselves are becoming
despondent about the future of the country.
Iqbal is Not Despondent
The denial of the deterioration of
the situation and of the intensity of darkness will be synonymous to the denial of the
fact and disregard of consequences. But in our view there is no reason for despondency,
primarily because despondency is infidelity. Allah the Almighty commands that howsoever
the conditions may be deteriorated a Believer (Momin) never becomes the victim of
despondency. It is our firm faith that Allah the Almighty will never let go waste the
sacrifices of those sincere human beings through whose sacrifices of blood and chastity
this dear homeland has come into existence. Not to loose hearts also because the powers of
deterioration disintegrate and scatter after having reached a certain limit. The good and
righteous are ultimately victorious. Just as decline and fall is a reality of our history,
similarly renaissance and revival are the glowing facts.
For a little while recall the
history of the sub-continent. What was the condition after the decline of Mughal Empire
and domination by the British. The herald of Time was rightly saying:
Darkness had reached the extent that
God forbid, the "funeral procession" of God was taken out in the biggest
educational institution of the Muslims and atheism and socialism were openly preached. The
Muslims were converted to Hinduism and their social fabric was shattered into pieces, but
then history bore witness that the conditions changed, a new movement emerged and the
Muslims gained independence. Look at the might of the Indian forces in Kashmir, their
oppression and plunder and see also that how a few thousand Youths with their faith and
determination, have brought down three quarter of a million armed soldiers to their knees.
With what arrogance Russia had come into Afghanistan, but then within ten years the
situation took a turn and not only the Russian forces were repulsed from Afghanistan, but
Communism itself was constrained to retreat from its abode and within a very short time a
world ideology and super-power were disintegrated.
Retreat of the Secular Powers
If you consider the situation in
Pakistan itself it will be evident that in every age the secular forces victimized Islam
in various ways but these were ultimately humiliated. The secular class had to accept,
helplessly, the principle of the supremacy of Islam in the Constitution. A semi-military
dictator said with grandiloquence that all the ‘maulvis’ will be deported from
the country. What happened was that the faithful stayed firm and strong and that dictator
had to flee from the country. Another military ruler imposed a one man Constitution on the
country with a tall claim and announced to expunge "The Islamic" from the name
of Pakistan, and the Objectives Resolution from the Constitution, but within two years he
himself had to retreat. The original Islamic name of Pakistan was restored and the
Objectives Resolution too became a part of the Constitution and this with his own
handiwork. Thereafter a civilian Martial Law Administrator formally raised the slogan of
"Socialist Pakistan" and presented the draft Constitution in the Assembly, in
which it was provided to make Pakistan a Socialist state, but in a few months he had to
swallow the "bitter" pill of Islam and Pakistan was declared an Islamic Republic
and the Islamic Sections of the Constitution reappeared in their original form. The same
Assembly, which was dominated by secular elements approved that Constitutional amendment
unanimously which expelled all the rebels of the ‘finality of the prophethood’
out of the boundaries of Islam. Thus for the first time in modern history the definition
of a "Muslim" became part of the Constitution.
Praise be to Allah, every era of
military or civilian dictatorship ended in the defeat of the dictators and the victory of
the people. Ups and downs are parts of life but it is also a fact that after every down
fall there is a rise and after every humility there is an elevation.
Against international background
another example is also worth consideration. When Pakistan, with unyielding determination
decided to acquire and develop Nuclear Technology, then despite every sort of
international pressure, resistance and sanctions, the country acquired with its own
resources within 8-9 years what the advanced and powerful countries could only achieve in
15-20 years. This was by the grace of Allah the Almighty and as a result of the hard work
of our scientists.
Sure there is no reason for
despondency, but the fact should be kept in mind that it is the Divine law that Allah the
Almighty does not change the circumstances without human endeavor, struggle and sacrifice.
This world is a test centre, and the results depend upon efforts and deeds. No doubt the
blessing and support of Allah the Almighty is the decisive force but this too is the
precedent (Sunnah) of Allah the Almighty that He honours only those with His mercy and
support who strive in His path and who execute their duties with faith and sense of
accountability. Effort is incumbent upon Man and the result is in the hands of Allah the
Almighty.
Before talking about the mode of
action that is required to rectify the situation and to turn the tide of history, let us
briefly specify the major causes of deterioration:
Breach of COVENANT with GOD --
THE way to destruction
The fundamental cause of
human deterioration is infidelity to Allah’s Almighty and breach of the Covenant that
was made with Allah Almighty and the people during the Pakistan Movement. No doubt the
supremacy of Islam was acknowledged under public pressure to the extent of insertion in
the Constitution, but practically the supremacy of Shariah was never established in any
sphere of life, nor a leadership was allowed to come to power that was loyal to Allah the
Almighty and His Apostle (PHUH) and had the capability and spirit to reconstruct every
field of life according to Allah commands. It is the statute of Allah the Almighty that He
helps the sincere and faithful forces or if He so wishes, allows even the disbelieves and
rebels, a chance to work. But no object can ever be realised through hypocrisy and
dualism. This is our real problem that we used the name of Islam but practically adopted
every other way deviating from Islam. What of deceiving Allah the Almighty, we only
deceived ourselves and subjected the nation to trouble and misery.
The only way for our progress is to
do collective penitence to Allah the Almighty as a nation for our past behaviour and
strive to bring forward such leadership as should be sincere about Islam as well possess
the capability to reconstruct all the branches of life according to the principles and
teaching of Islam employing all wisdom and without giving way to any compromise.
grip of the class with vested
interest-the path to destruction
The second important factor
which makes the basis of the first cause of deterioration, is the division of the nation
into two big and opposing classes. During the fifty years, a class with vested interests
has come into existence which has dominated all centres of powers from local bodies upto
the highest level of government. This is the class which was brought to the office of
leadership during the British imperialist era, and which was rendering the service of
enslaving its own nation as a lackey of foreign imperialism. Most of the landlords and
feudal elites belong to this class. Then a larger part of civil and military bureaucracy
also belongs to the same group. The new capitalist and bourgeois class which emerged as a
result of economic development and foreign aid also joined this band. The Western nations
made this class their instrument for penetration, strengthened the same and having
enriched its posterity with education, training and other means, arranged to impose the
progeny of such leadership on the nation. This special class was simply ignorant of the
aims and objects of the Islamic Millat, unaware of Muslim nation temperament, its
character and rites, and is active in accomplishing its own material interests and
ensuring to achieve the aims and objects of the Western powers. This is the class which
acts as a barrier between the masses and the seat of power and because of it, authority
has not been transferred to the masses in the real sense. It impedes the progress of
education, and is actively and constantly engaged in economic plunder. It has never
pursued the right development priorities. The greed of its own interest has made it so
blind that it has lost sense that it was destroying the same country in whose survival and
progress there was life for all and whose destruction was the death warrant for every
citizen.
the practice of law breaking-the
path of decline
The third major cause of
deterioration is the lack of respect for the Constitution and the law of the land. Those
who are responsible for the maintenance of the supremacy of law are themselves responsible
for its breaking. The constant abrogation of the Constitution has resulted in disregard
for the law and the Constitution. No effective system of accountability exists which could
take account of those abrogating the Constitution, practice lawlessness and plunder the
national wealth. The principle of merit has vanished and nepotism has been accepted as the
master key. The administration and police are openly used for political purposes. This is
what has upset the whole organization of the civil government.
THE FLAWS OF LEADERSHIP-ROOT
CAUSE OF THE FLAWS
The forth cause of deterioration is
the over-centralization of authority and decision-making. Democracy does not merely means
periodic elections. It means the rule of law, the distribution and balance of power,
collective accountability, respect for rights, the existence of the opportunities "to
enjoin what is just, and forbid what is evil," the freedom of judiciary and a clean
neat and open government. These very things are non-existing with us. One aspect of the
centralization of power is its accumulation in the Center and deprivation of the provinces
and local bodies of their intrinsic authority and freedom to work. The country has reached
the point where if no immediate remedial action is taken, great devastation is inevitable.
A big reason of the appearance of centrifugal movements is ignoring the basic problem of
the decentralization and devolution of powers and duties to the lower levels.
THE IGNORANCE: AN ULCER:
The fifth cause of the disorder
is the lack of education and the perpetuation of the same deteriorated system, which the
Imperialist powers had devised for a subjugated nation. The problem is one of deprivation
from education, as well as faulty education system. Furthermore, there is not one
education system in the country. Three systems are running concurrently. One for the
common people whose miserable state is worth noticing. Another is the one conventional
religious educational system which is not commensurate with the demands of the modern age.
The third is the elitist educational system which is only for the children of the wealthy
privileged people. It is through this education system that the rich class has effectively
managed perpetuating its political, economic and social power.
UNJUST ECONOMIC GROWTH STRATEGY
The sixth cause of deterioration
is the imbalanced economic system, which on the one hand has not accorded due preference
to agriculture and on the other has obstructed such basic land reforms without which the
country cannot get deliverance from the curse of "landocracy" and feudalism. In
addition it is the new industrial and commercial system which has given full opportunity
to the modern capitalist to prosper. Consequently such economy is flourishing in the
country whose productive capacity is limited and which is promoting a situation of
affluence for the richer classes through imports. The necessity of basic industrial and
social infrastructure is not fully appreciated, as a result of which poverty is on the
increase. Today thirty to forty per cent of the population is bereft of the necessities of
life and the injudicious distribution of wealth is continuously on the increase.
WHAT IS TO BE DONE
The question is: what is the way
out? In our opinion neither the military intervention can remedy the situation nor the
politics of violence will do. The clash and bitterness in our national politics has
reached the point that not only politics but also the existence of the county is in
jeopardy. We believe its major cause is the dictatorial conduct and narrow mindedness of
the governments. All the past governments are responsible for this decay, but the most
recent so called popular governments have surpassed all of them. For years the situation
is that from Karachi to Rawalpindi there were extra-judicial killing, the blood of
innocent people has been shed and no one seemed really bothered. These are the conditions
which give rise to politics of violence. It is the need of the hour that all such elements
that are dissatisfied with the situation, are unanimous on the factors and causes of
deterioration and are desirous of reformation, should collectively strive for the change
through an effective collective struggle. The ultimate aim should be the emergence of a
new and pious leadership, which should arise from and be truly answerable to the masses.
ISLAMIC DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM
The first and foremost
requirement is conformity to the real objectives, destinations and priorities of Pakistan.
All such religious and political elements who believe in Islam, democracy, social justice
and self reliance should come closer to one another and bring before the nation a
dignified leadership firmly believing in these principles.
The Quaid-I-Azam did not make his
case before the feudal, the capitalists and traditional political adventurers, but before
the court of the Muslim populace of the sub-continent. He awakened them, united them and
created such a popular and democratic wave that it carried off the traditional
leaderships. It is necessary today to once again awaken and organize the population
through democratic means and to motivate them for the realization of the aims and
objectives laid at the time of creation of Pakistan. The real power that can counter the
internal and external conspiring elements lies in the awakening of the masses and their
organized strength.
The second fundamental factor is the
correct criterion of the leadership. The nation has been much deceived. There is need for
a new leadership from amongst the masses which should fulfill the constitutional
requirements (Section 62 and 63). The people and the Election Commission should have the
discretion to practically implement these sections just as the Federal Shariat Court has
pronounced in one of its judgment. This is the filter through which a better leadership
might appear.
The third thing is a national code
of conduct, which should be binding on all the political parties, the press and the media.
It should be compiled though general consensus. Much work has already been done in the
past. The requirement is to create a new agreement of opinion about it. In the
Constitution itself there is much guidance about it and an effective system could be
designed for its implementation. Either the judiciary or any other new national
institution may undertake this assignment.
REFORMATION OF THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM
The fourth thing is the reformation of the electoral
system. The Election Commission should be constituted with mutual consultation and
unanimity of the government and important opposition parties. Under the conditions
prevailing in Pakistan, elections should be held under a care-taker government, without
which the hope of fair elections remains futile. In this connection the experiment in
Bangladesh is worth consideration. The duration of the Assembly should also be reduced
from five to four years so that accountability could be carried out with lesser interval.
AUTHORITATIVE ACCOUNTABILITY
COMMISSION
The fifth thing is to fully
authorize the Accountability Commission, and its performance should not be obstructed
through parallel institutions and the useless media trials. The Commission may carry out
the accountability on behalf of any affected citizen or individual, the government, the
opposition groups of all the elected and other responsible individuals without bar of
period. The Commission should have the authority to put to task any individual that has
misused his government position for personal gains and to retrieve from him/her the public
money thus misappropriated.
FAIR CONDUCT IN AUTHORITY AND
ADMINISTRATION
The sixth thing is the transfer of
powers to the provincial and local bodies levels in accordance with the Constitution. In
this connection to further strengthen and make the Senate stronger and more affective,
could be useful.
The seventh requirement is the
independence of judiciary, its separation from the executive and the implementation of the
judgments of the judiciary without any distinction.
The eighth factor is the institution
of such organization of civil administration and police as could stabilize their
independent and non-political position. They should be institution of the State, rather
than working as political instruments of the ruling party.
The ninth requirement is the
eradication of corruption from the national life and an effective awareness campaign for
it at all levels.
The last and most important thing is
a new socio-economic policy, whose aim should be the promotion of the right type of
education, the provision of medical facilities, the end of indigence poverty and
unemployment and the providing of job opportunities. Such economic reforms be introduced
as could eliminate interest (riba), gambling and all other forms of exploitation. Wealth
should be equitable distributed and basic human necessities be ensured to all citizens.
These are the ten points, acting
upon which the nation can once again unite and work for the establishment of the
life-giving system of Islam and the country’s lost glory can once again be restored
to it.
PAKISTAN IN THE FIFTIETH YEAR OF ITS
INDEPENDENCE
The establishment of Pakistan is
an historic event. Before 14th August 1947 no country of this name existed on the
political map of the world, such as Egypt, Syria, Indonesia etc. No doubt the Muslims had
been there in the sub-continent since the first century A.H, and before the advent of the
British they ruled this country for about nine hundred years, but after the domination of
he British imperialism the political and ideological position of the region underwent a
change.
The Foundations of the Pakistan
Movement
When the Pakistan Movement
arose, it was different from the pattern of most of the countries. It was not merely for
the freedom of a country, but was to bring into being such a one as could become the
ideological and cultural center of the Muslims of the sub-continent. The real object was
the establishment of such an independent realm where in the Muslims could build a new
society and a new state in the light of their faith, ideology, laws and values, culture
and civilization. This movement challenged the dominant political concept, i.e.
secularism, liberalism and regional nationalism and strived for the establishment of a
state on the basis of the terrestrial and celestial unity and the universal mission of
Islam. From this struggle the first and very bright example came into being, in the shape
of the establishment of Pakistan. In the words of an orientalist: "The resolution of
the Muslims of India in favour of Pakistan was synonymous with the decision of the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) about his Hijra."
The Quaid-I-Azam had described this
ideology of Pakistan and its basis in quite unambiguous terms. He further amplified and
explained it continuously before and after the establishment of Pakistan. He said:
"Islam is our basic principal
and real support. We are one and we have to move forward as a nation, only then we would
be able to sustain Pakistan".
"Pakistan does not merely mean
freedom but the safeguarding of the Muslim concept of life, which we have inherited as a
precious gift and treasure and which, we hope, others will also share with us".
"The Muslims demand Pakistan,
where they could rule according to their way of life, their culture, traditions and
Islamic laws. Our religion, our culture and our Islamic aims and objects are the real
inciting powers "(Some Recent Speeches and writings of Mr. Jinnah, ed by M.A. Jamil,
Lahore pp 89,366,367)".
If we express it in terms of
political science then the assertion will be justified that the establishment of Pakistan
is actually the result of a Social Contract, which the leadership of Pakistan entered into
not only with the Muslims of the areas becoming part of Pakistan but with all the Muslims
of the sub-continent. That is why its first and foremost constitutional outcome appeared
in the shape of the Objectives Resolution, which was approved by the first Constituent
Assembly on 12 March 1949, and which can justly be declared to be the basis of the
Constitution, the National charter and the supreme law.
THE AIMS AND OBJECTS OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN
The emergence of Pakistan is
such an historic event whose far reaching effects were exerted not only on the South Asian
sub-continent but the whole of the Islamic world. Before proceeding further we consider it
necessary to point out a few of its important aspects.
The first and most important feature
of the establishment of Pakistan is that through it the Muslims of the sub-continent
identified their self (ego) in this age and thus attained their real entity. It gave the
people of Pakistan their true identity. The dangerous machinations of Indian Congress and
the Imperialist powers failed and for the survival of their real identity and solidarity
the Muslims put their lives at stake. Those who got political freedom as a result of this
struggle and those too who knew that after the departure of imperialism they will remain
deprived of the bright dawn of the real freedom, believed that such an independent realm
of the Muslims will be founded which will be the manifestation of Islam and a support for
the oppressed people. This successful endeavour for the establishment of an ideological
homeland shattered the idol of Western secular nationalism into pieces and the Indo-Pak
Millat-I-Islamia, unanimous with Iqbal, began a new era for humanity with the acquisition
of a new spiritual nourishing identity.
This was the aspect of the
establishment of Pakistan, which after 1947, infused the spirit of renaissance of an
Islamic state and Islamic culture and civilization. Be it Egypt or Syria, Indonesia or
Malaysia, Turkey or Sudan, Iran or Afghanistan, in short in the world of Islam where there
existed or emerged movements for the revival of Shariah, the Objectives Resolution of
Pakistan and the struggle for the Islamic Resurgence were projected as a beacon of light.
The second important aspect of the
creation of Pakistan was that as a result of it, on the one hand the inhabitants of
Pakistan broke down the shackles of slavery, and on the other the Muslims of the
sub-continent obtained abode of peace. A great number of the Muslims of the sub-continent,
acting upon the tradition of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and leaving their houses and homes
became active to build up this new homeland. The spirit and determination with which these
abandonment and adoptions accrued, is the bright and faith nourishing chapter of our
history. This was the spirit which enabled Pakistan to counter all those dangers which
this newly born country faced in those initial days, the object of which was to obliterate
this bud before it blossomed into a flower. Freedom in itself is a great blessing and it
can only be perceived by those who have endured the rigours of the dark night of slavery.
The third aspect of this movement
was that it was a popular and democratic movement. The Quaid-I-Azam awakened and organized
the Muslim masses and assembling on a single platform accomplished that task with the
power of the masses, and within a short period of only seven years which others could not
obtain even in centuries. The Pakistan Movement was a peoples’ movement. Whosoever
casts a glance over the history of the Pakistan Movement, knows how the political elites
obstructed the path of this movement and conspired against it. But by the grace of Allah
the Almighty, the leadership of the Quaid-I-Azam and the mass support and help, led the
movement towards the final goal of freedom.
THE DREAMS OF INDEPENDENCE GONE WILD
From an objective analysis of
the Pakistan Movement and the history of Pakistan it becomes evident that the real credit
for the creation of Pakistan with the special benevolence of Allah the Almighty, goes to
the intuition and leadership of Quaid-I-Azam and the spirit and sacrifices of the Muslim
masses. Immediately after independence Quaid’s illness and demise created a situation
under which those base coins who had rallied around him, came into the arena, after
capturing power to use the state machinery for quite some other ends.
The first Prime Minister was
assassinated and removed from the national scene, while the second was dismissed. Whereas
their sincere companions were rendered ineffective through conspiracies, and in a few
years the political situation was so changed that the real plan got confounded. Within a
very short time the class, which had waited upon the British power, may that be related to
the civilian military administration, or the tribe of political way farers, occupied every
sphere of power. Respect for law and order vanished. The elected Constituent Assembly was
dissolved. The executive and police forces were used by the political leadership for their
own gains and objects, which ultimately became imprisoned in their hands. The army was
also used for political expediency. The judiciary resisted somewhat but no effort was
spared to give a tight rein to it. After nine years the first Constitution was
framed which was abrogated only after two years. And such a practice of constitutional
abrogation started from whose reprehensible after effects even today no escape is in
sight. The same sense of identity which had welded the nation together was destroyed from
every quarter. Secular ideologies, parochialism, language and fraternal prejudices,
tribalism, in short it was devasted from every quarter. Even after 23 years of
independence no elections were held on the basis of adult franchise. Resultantly regional
prejudices polluted the politics and the train of national politics was derailed. It was
purposely tried to promote Western and Hindu culture. A course to economic development was
adopted which on the one hand involved the country into class clashes and on the other got
the country so entangled in the usurious imperialism that today the country is in debt of
over 30 billion dollars foreign and over 1000 billion rupees of domestic loan. Every
individual of the country is in debt of more than 15 thousand rupees and every new born
child is coming into this world with a burden of that much loan on its shoulders.
The English Chief of the Pakistan
Army refused to obey the Quaid-I-Azam and India occupied and is still holding a large part
of Kashmir by dint of its military strength through an illegitimate instrument of
accession. The Kashmiri people are continuously engaged in Jihad against this usurpation,
but every ruling leadership of Pakistan todate has been unsuccessful in rendering them
effective help, where more than 10 million of Muslims are the victims of Indian oppression
and are calling for help.
As a result of the continual
blunders and lack of far-sightedness of Pakistani leadership, India had the opportunity to
also disintegrate East Pakistan by force from the rest, after Kashmir. It is a pity that
we could yet not take to task the one really responsible for this national catastrophe.
Out of the 50 years of independence,
the dear homeland remained in the grip of Martial Law for 24 years and for the rest too
remained deprived of true democracy. The real tragedy of Pakistan is that till today power
has not been transferred to the people in the real sense, and every part of life is
dominated by a special coterie. Less than five percent individuals of the population hold
bulk of the national wealth. Ninety per cent of the land is held by 10 per cent owners.
There are only 10 thousand big families who own more than 50 per cent of the land and
their rights of ownership are the largesse of the British for treachery against the
Muslims. There are about two thousand families who have been dominating the politics since
1950 and whosoever is the ruler, whether any political party or the army -- in every age
these few individuals have enjoyed the power. The state of industry and commerce is also
not different. In these areas too the same few families have been the masters of the keys
to the wealth. In every field the principal of inheritance prevails and at every step
labour and merit are sacrificed.
Alarming Aspects of Deterioration
This overwhelming deterioration has
three extremely alarming aspects. First the moral deterioration which is assuming the
worst shape under governmental patronage and as a result of organized and overwhelming
efforts, oppression and immorality have reached a point where no sense of loss pricks the
conscience. Corruption is the order of the day and has rather become a way of life at
almost every level, so much so that international agencies too included Pakistan next only
to the most corrupt country of the world. The National and International mass media are
engaged in trampling upon the Islamic values. The educational system has not only
disgraced knowledge, it has also put morality on the bier. The conventional restraints are
thrown off and a flood of libertinism and licentiousness is rising and it can be openly
observed that its result will be nothing but extinction.
The second alarming aspect is that
along with the moral deterioration of individuals every such institution of the country is
being destroyed which can serve like an anchor to the ship of the nation. Be it
Constitution or law, parliament or executive, judiciary or the police, civil service or
the local bodies, education or mass-communication media, everything is ruined, so much so
that the family unit it also not spared. The foundations of the milli institutions which
were kept safe despite the imperialist hold, have been shaken and are collapsing.
The third aspect of the
deterioration is subordination of the whole process of policy-making, the decision-making
institutions and individuals to the foreign influences, which has endangered the political
and ideological freedom of the country. Economic policies have been pawned to the foreign
money-lenders and now the encroachment of the World Bank and the IMF has extended so far
that the budget of the country is not made by our parliament but shaped according to the
dictates of these agencies and the matter assumed such proportion that the Economic
Adviser of an ex-Prime Minister himself told the businessmen and industrialists that if
they were to get their recommendations approved, they better talk to the negotiators of
the IMF! The same was the state of law enactment. While making any law the interest of the
country and the nation is not considered, nor that what was the command of Allah the
Almighty and His Apostle (p.b.u.h.). Instead it is meditated upon what will please the
U.S. and the West, and that of what they will be critical. Because the West has, these
days, created an ogre of fundamentalism and terrorism, therefore we are not only swearing
that we were not fundamentalists but trampling upon every law and moral value. We were
also prostrating before Washington and its emissaries and were sacrificing human beings
like animals before these wolves and beasts. It is strived to get the blessings of
Washington instead of the people and the parliament, to come into power and stick to it.
Thus in politics, economy and
culture and civilization, we are compromising on our independence and sovereignty and that
which the Muslims of Pakistan and India had achieved after sacrificing their lives,
property and honor. Some adventurers are continuously wagering for their own interests and
today we have reached this miserable stage.
This is the poor state in which
Pakistan and the Pakistanis are finding themselves after 50 years of independence -- the
outcome of the military rule and the so called democratic governance. The country which
had emerged on the political horizon with a message of new hopes and a bright future for
the whole of the Muslim Millat has been pushed into the abysses of darkness, and
deterioration has reached such an extent where the people themselves are becoming
despondent about the future of the country.
Iqbal is Not Despondent
The denial of the deterioration of
the situation and of the intensity of darkness will be synonymous to the denial of the
fact and disregard of consequences. But in our view there is no reason for despondency,
primarily because despondency is infidelity. Allah the Almighty commands that howsoever
the conditions may be deteriorated a Believer (Momin) never becomes the victim of
despondency. It is our firm faith that Allah the Almighty will never let go waste the
sacrifices of those sincere human beings through whose sacrifices of blood and chastity
this dear homeland has come into existence. Not to loose hearts also because the powers of
deterioration disintegrate and scatter after having reached a certain limit. The good and
righteous are ultimately victorious. Just as decline and fall is a reality of our history,
similarly renaissance and revival are the glowing facts.
For a little while recall the
history of the sub-continent. What was the condition after the decline of Mughal Empire
and domination by the British. The herald of Time was rightly saying:
Darkness had reached the extent that
God forbid, the "funeral procession" of God was taken out in the biggest
educational institution of the Muslims and atheism and socialism were openly preached. The
Muslims were converted to Hinduism and their social fabric was shattered into pieces, but
then history bore witness that the conditions changed, a new movement emerged and the
Muslims gained independence. Look at the might of the Indian forces in Kashmir, their
oppression and plunder and see also that how a few thousand Youths with their faith and
determination, have brought down three quarter of a million armed soldiers to their knees.
With what arrogance Russia had come into Afghanistan, but then within ten years the
situation took a turn and not only the Russian forces were repulsed from Afghanistan, but
Communism itself was constrained to retreat from its abode and within a very short time a
world ideology and super-power were disintegrated.
Retreat of the Secular Powers
If you consider the situation in
Pakistan itself it will be evident that in every age the secular forces victimized Islam
in various ways but these were ultimately humiliated. The secular class had to accept,
helplessly, the principle of the supremacy of Islam in the Constitution. A semi-military
dictator said with grandiloquence that all the ‘maulvis’ will be deported from
the country. What happened was that the faithful stayed firm and strong and that dictator
had to flee from the country. Another military ruler imposed a one man Constitution on the
country with a tall claim and announced to expunge "The Islamic" from the name
of Pakistan, and the Objectives Resolution from the Constitution, but within two years he
himself had to retreat. The original Islamic name of Pakistan was restored and the
Objectives Resolution too became a part of the Constitution and this with his own
handiwork. Thereafter a civilian Martial Law Administrator formally raised the slogan of
"Socialist Pakistan" and presented the draft Constitution in the Assembly, in
which it was provided to make Pakistan a Socialist state, but in a few months he had to
swallow the "bitter" pill of Islam and Pakistan was declared an Islamic Republic
and the Islamic Sections of the Constitution reappeared in their original form. The same
Assembly, which was dominated by secular elements approved that Constitutional amendment
unanimously which expelled all the rebels of the ‘finality of the prophethood’
out of the boundaries of Islam. Thus for the first time in modern history the definition
of a "Muslim" became part of the Constitution.
Praise be to Allah, every era of
military or civilian dictatorship ended in the defeat of the dictators and the victory of
the people. Ups and downs are parts of life but it is also a fact that after every down
fall there is a rise and after every humility there is an elevation.
Against international background
another example is also worth consideration. When Pakistan, with unyielding determination
decided to acquire and develop Nuclear Technology, then despite every sort of
international pressure, resistance and sanctions, the country acquired with its own
resources within 8-9 years what the advanced and powerful countries could only achieve in
15-20 years. This was by the grace of Allah the Almighty and as a result of the hard work
of our scientists.
Sure there is no reason for
despondency, but the fact should be kept in mind that it is the Divine law that Allah the
Almighty does not change the circumstances without human endeavor, struggle and sacrifice.
This world is a test centre, and the results depend upon efforts and deeds. No doubt the
blessing and support of Allah the Almighty is the decisive force but this too is the
precedent (Sunnah) of Allah the Almighty that He honours only those with His mercy and
support who strive in His path and who execute their duties with faith and sense of
accountability. Effort is incumbent upon Man and the result is in the hands of Allah the
Almighty.
Before talking about the mode of
action that is required to rectify the situation and to turn the tide of history, let us
briefly specify the major causes of deterioration:
Breach of COVENANT with GOD --
THE way to destruction
The fundamental cause of
human deterioration is infidelity to Allah’s Almighty and breach of the Covenant that
was made with Allah Almighty and the people during the Pakistan Movement. No doubt the
supremacy of Islam was acknowledged under public pressure to the extent of insertion in
the Constitution, but practically the supremacy of Shariah was never established in any
sphere of life, nor a leadership was allowed to come to power that was loyal to Allah the
Almighty and His Apostle (PHUH) and had the capability and spirit to reconstruct every
field of life according to Allah commands. It is the statute of Allah the Almighty that He
helps the sincere and faithful forces or if He so wishes, allows even the disbelieves and
rebels, a chance to work. But no object can ever be realised through hypocrisy and
dualism. This is our real problem that we used the name of Islam but practically adopted
every other way deviating from Islam. What of deceiving Allah the Almighty, we only
deceived ourselves and subjected the nation to trouble and misery.
The only way for our progress is to
do collective penitence to Allah the Almighty as a nation for our past behaviour and
strive to bring forward such leadership as should be sincere about Islam as well possess
the capability to reconstruct all the branches of life according to the principles and
teaching of Islam employing all wisdom and without giving way to any compromise.
grip of the class with vested
interest-the path to destruction
The second important factor
which makes the basis of the first cause of deterioration, is the division of the nation
into two big and opposing classes. During the fifty years, a class with vested interests
has come into existence which has dominated all centres of powers from local bodies upto
the highest level of government. This is the class which was brought to the office of
leadership during the British imperialist era, and which was rendering the service of
enslaving its own nation as a lackey of foreign imperialism. Most of the landlords and
feudal elites belong to this class. Then a larger part of civil and military bureaucracy
also belongs to the same group. The new capitalist and bourgeois class which emerged as a
result of economic development and foreign aid also joined this band. The Western nations
made this class their instrument for penetration, strengthened the same and having
enriched its posterity with education, training and other means, arranged to impose the
progeny of such leadership on the nation. This special class was simply ignorant of the
aims and objects of the Islamic Millat, unaware of Muslim nation temperament, its
character and rites, and is active in accomplishing its own material interests and
ensuring to achieve the aims and objects of the Western powers. This is the class which
acts as a barrier between the masses and the seat of power and because of it, authority
has not been transferred to the masses in the real sense. It impedes the progress of
education, and is actively and constantly engaged in economic plunder. It has never
pursued the right development priorities. The greed of its own interest has made it so
blind that it has lost sense that it was destroying the same country in whose survival and
progress there was life for all and whose destruction was the death warrant for every
citizen.
the practice of law breaking-the
path of decline
The third major cause of
deterioration is the lack of respect for the Constitution and the law of the land. Those
who are responsible for the maintenance of the supremacy of law are themselves responsible
for its breaking. The constant abrogation of the Constitution has resulted in disregard
for the law and the Constitution. No effective system of accountability exists which could
take account of those abrogating the Constitution, practice lawlessness and plunder the
national wealth. The principle of merit has vanished and nepotism has been accepted as the
master key. The administration and police are openly used for political purposes. This is
what has upset the whole organization of the civil government.
THE FLAWS OF LEADERSHIP-ROOT
CAUSE OF THE FLAWS
The forth cause of deterioration is
the over-centralization of authority and decision-making. Democracy does not merely means
periodic elections. It means the rule of law, the distribution and balance of power,
collective accountability, respect for rights, the existence of the opportunities "to
enjoin what is just, and forbid what is evil," the freedom of judiciary and a clean
neat and open government. These very things are non-existing with us. One aspect of the
centralization of power is its accumulation in the Center and deprivation of the provinces
and local bodies of their intrinsic authority and freedom to work. The country has reached
the point where if no immediate remedial action is taken, great devastation is inevitable.
A big reason of the appearance of centrifugal movements is ignoring the basic problem of
the decentralization and devolution of powers and duties to the lower levels.
THE IGNORANCE: AN ULCER:
The fifth cause of the disorder
is the lack of education and the perpetuation of the same deteriorated system, which the
Imperialist powers had devised for a subjugated nation. The problem is one of deprivation
from education, as well as faulty education system. Furthermore, there is not one
education system in the country. Three systems are running concurrently. One for the
common people whose miserable state is worth noticing. Another is the one conventional
religious educational system which is not commensurate with the demands of the modern age.
The third is the elitist educational system which is only for the children of the wealthy
privileged people. It is through this education system that the rich class has effectively
managed perpetuating its political, economic and social power.
UNJUST ECONOMIC GROWTH STRATEGY
The sixth cause of deterioration
is the imbalanced economic system, which on the one hand has not accorded due preference
to agriculture and on the other has obstructed such basic land reforms without which the
country cannot get deliverance from the curse of "landocracy" and feudalism. In
addition it is the new industrial and commercial system which has given full opportunity
to the modern capitalist to prosper. Consequently such economy is flourishing in the
country whose productive capacity is limited and which is promoting a situation of
affluence for the richer classes through imports. The necessity of basic industrial and
social infrastructure is not fully appreciated, as a result of which poverty is on the
increase. Today thirty to forty per cent of the population is bereft of the necessities of
life and the injudicious distribution of wealth is continuously on the increase.
WHAT IS TO BE DONE
The question is: what is the way
out? In our opinion neither the military intervention can remedy the situation nor the
politics of violence will do. The clash and bitterness in our national politics has
reached the point that not only politics but also the existence of the county is in
jeopardy. We believe its major cause is the dictatorial conduct and narrow mindedness of
the governments. All the past governments are responsible for this decay, but the most
recent so called popular governments have surpassed all of them. For years the situation
is that from Karachi to Rawalpindi there were extra-judicial killing, the blood of
innocent people has been shed and no one seemed really bothered. These are the conditions
which give rise to politics of violence. It is the need of the hour that all such elements
that are dissatisfied with the situation, are unanimous on the factors and causes of
deterioration and are desirous of reformation, should collectively strive for the change
through an effective collective struggle. The ultimate aim should be the emergence of a
new and pious leadership, which should arise from and be truly answerable to the masses.
ISLAMIC DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM
The first and foremost
requirement is conformity to the real objectives, destinations and priorities of Pakistan.
All such religious and political elements who believe in Islam, democracy, social justice
and self reliance should come closer to one another and bring before the nation a
dignified leadership firmly believing in these principles.
The Quaid-I-Azam did not make his
case before the feudal, the capitalists and traditional political adventurers, but before
the court of the Muslim populace of the sub-continent. He awakened them, united them and
created such a popular and democratic wave that it carried off the traditional
leaderships. It is necessary today to once again awaken and organize the population
through democratic means and to motivate them for the realization of the aims and
objectives laid at the time of creation of Pakistan. The real power that can counter the
internal and external conspiring elements lies in the awakening of the masses and their
organized strength.
The second fundamental factor is the
correct criterion of the leadership. The nation has been much deceived. There is need for
a new leadership from amongst the masses which should fulfill the constitutional
requirements (Section 62 and 63). The people and the Election Commission should have the
discretion to practically implement these sections just as the Federal Shariat Court has
pronounced in one of its judgment. This is the filter through which a better leadership
might appear.
The third thing is a national code
of conduct, which should be binding on all the political parties, the press and the media.
It should be compiled though general consensus. Much work has already been done in the
past. The requirement is to create a new agreement of opinion about it. In the
Constitution itself there is much guidance about it and an effective system could be
designed for its implementation. Either the judiciary or any other new national
institution may undertake this assignment.
REFORMATION OF THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM
The fourth thing is the reformation of the electoral
system. The Election Commission should be constituted with mutual consultation and
unanimity of the government and important opposition parties. Under the conditions
prevailing in Pakistan, elections should be held under a care-taker government, without
which the hope of fair elections remains futile. In this connection the experiment in
Bangladesh is worth consideration. The duration of the Assembly should also be reduced
from five to four years so that accountability could be carried out with lesser interval.
AUTHORITATIVE ACCOUNTABILITY
COMMISSION
The fifth thing is to fully
authorize the Accountability Commission, and its performance should not be obstructed
through parallel institutions and the useless media trials. The Commission may carry out
the accountability on behalf of any affected citizen or individual, the government, the
opposition groups of all the elected and other responsible individuals without bar of
period. The Commission should have the authority to put to task any individual that has
misused his government position for personal gains and to retrieve from him/her the public
money thus misappropriated.
FAIR CONDUCT IN AUTHORITY AND
ADMINISTRATION
The sixth thing is the transfer of
powers to the provincial and local bodies levels in accordance with the Constitution. In
this connection to further strengthen and make the Senate stronger and more affective,
could be useful.
The seventh requirement is the
independence of judiciary, its separation from the executive and the implementation of the
judgments of the judiciary without any distinction.
The eighth factor is the institution
of such organization of civil administration and police as could stabilize their
independent and non-political position. They should be institution of the State, rather
than working as political instruments of the ruling party.
The ninth requirement is the
eradication of corruption from the national life and an effective awareness campaign for
it at all levels.
The last and most important thing is
a new socio-economic policy, whose aim should be the promotion of the right type of
education, the provision of medical facilities, the end of indigence poverty and
unemployment and the providing of job opportunities. Such economic reforms be introduced
as could eliminate interest (riba), gambling and all other forms of exploitation. Wealth
should be equitable distributed and basic human necessities be ensured to all citizens.
These are the ten points, acting
upon which the nation can once again unite and work for the establishment of the
life-giving system of Islam and the country’s lost glory can once again be restored
to it.
Ethnic and Racial Differences in Pakistan and the struggle for
Islamic Revolution
Decline of Muslim
Society and Islamic Movement
